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ENERGY TO 2050 Scenarios for a Sustainable Future

Analysing the intersection between energy and climate change mitigation
issues requires the adoption of a very long-term perspective. Energy
infrastructure takes a very long time to build and has a useful life often
measured in decades. New energy technologies take time to develop and
even longer to reach their maximum market share. Similarly, the impact of
increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases from human activities
develops over a very long period (from decades to centuries), while policy
responses to climate change threats may only yield effects after
considerable delay. Analysis that seeks to tackle these issues must take a
similarly long term view – looking ahead at least thirty to fifty years.
Unfortunately, analysis of such time frames is an uncertain science. The
future is by definition unknown and cannot be predicted. While over time
horizons of ten years the inertia of the energy/economy system is so
strong as to leave little room for change, over longer periods, the future will
almost certainly look different than the present.

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Green Energy and Technology

Production, Conversion, Storage, Conservation, and Coupling

This book is a first effort to fill the need for a comprehensive text on energy. The importance of energy and its effects on everyday life is undisputable. Consequently, many institutions today offer either minor or major degree programs on energy. This undergraduate textbook is prepared for students with diverse backgrounds who are interested to know more on energy and pursue a degree on energy. Although, it is naturally connected to thermodynamics through the energy balance, the new textbook covers many aspects of energy in systems with rate and transport processes. This new textbook discusses five major aspects of energy in an introductory manner in separate chapters. The major aspects are energy production, conversion,
storage, conservation, and coupling. Before discussing these aspects of energy, the textbook starts with an introduction and basic definitions in Chap. 1. In Chap. 2, the primary and the secondary energy types are discussed. Chapter 3 discusses mechanical and electrical energies. Chapter 4 discusses internal energy, enthalpy, heat of reaction, and heat transfer, while Chap. 5 discusses energy balance. Chapter 6 discusses energy production by mainly cyclic processes. Chapter 7 discusses energy conversion with an emphasis on thermal efficiency of these conversions. Chapter 8 discusses energy storage techniques including thermal energy storage by sensible and latent heats. Chapter 9 discusses energy conservation, while energy coupling in biological systems is discussed briefly in Chap. 10. There are 130 fully solved example problems throughout the chapters, and 642 practice problems listed at the end of ten chapters. The examples and practice problems provide the students with an opportunity towards a deep understanding of the concepts and aspects of energy.

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