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April 15, 2025
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Croatia changing law on renewables – new rules for prosumers, decentralized power production

The Government of Croatia has adopted the amendments to the law on renewable energy sources and high-efficiency cogeneration. They change rules for consumers producing electricity for self-consumption, facilitate the establishment of citizen energy communities and regulate decentralized energy production.

The amendments align the Croatian legislation with the European Union’s Renewable Energy Directive and bring benefits to citizens, entrepreneurs, and investors, the Ministry of Economy said.

One of important innovations is a new scheme for the production of energy for self-consumption. Instead of the current net metering mechanism, the new law introduces net billing. It values more fairly the surplus electricity that prosumers deliver to the grid, according to the ministry.

The grid costs charged to prosumers will be aligned with the actual amount of electricity that they take from the grid

Consumers – citizens and entrepreneurs that produce energy for their own needs, will pay grid costs matching the amount of electricity they actually take from it, enabling a sustainable and fair system for all users, the ministry added.

Existing prosumers will have ten years for the transition to the new scheme.

The bill enables the production of electricity for self-consumption in remote locations, provided that all metering points are registered with the same consumer. The ministry expects the measure to pave the way for greater investments, flexibility, and decentralized energy production.

Waste separation is a condition for granting incentives for waste incineration

The rules for establishing citizen energy communities have been simplified, to further strengthen their role in the energy transition. The amendments stricten the criteria for the sustainability of biofuels and they prohibit incentivizing the incineration of waste not from a system of separate collection.

The upcoming law sets the basis for a plan for the development of electricity infrastructure and storage capacities. It will create the conditions for greater integration of renewable energy sources into the grid, the ministry stressed.

“With this law we are taking an important step forward in the energy transition, ensuring a balance between the interests of citizens, the economy, and the energy system, and creating the foundations for a sustainable development of the Croatian energy sector in the long term,” Minister Ante Šušnjar stated.

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April 15, 2025
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Activists in northeastern BiH to obstruct Majevica lithium mining project

Switzerland-based Arcore and Canadian company Rock Tech Lithium are planning to excavate lithium, boron and magnesium ore and process it near Lopare in northeastern Bosnia and Herzegovina. Citizens and activists from the area surrounding the Majevica mountain are opposing the project, together with people from the border area in neighboring Serbia.

Supported by the local authority, citizens from both entities in BiH and environmental activists have gathered in the city of Bijeljina at another protest against the plans to mine lithium as well as rare metals. Among the participants were the inhabitants of border areas in neighboring Serbia, where Rio Tinto is developing a controversial project for mining and processing jadarite, a unique lithium mineral. Based on the results of its exploration, Swiss firm Arcore submitted a request to the Government of the Republic of Srpska in February for a concession for a mine on the Majevica mountain.

Around the same time, it also agreed with Canadian company Rock Tech Lithium to establish a joint venture that would include the location in northeastern BiH.

Investors want to produce lithium sulfate on site

According to the partners, they plan to start delivering in 2030 the lithium sulfate produced on site to Rock Tech Lithium’s future converter in Guben, Germany. The facility would process the raw material to get battery-grade lithium hydroxide.

The lithium, boron and magnesium deposit is in Lopare municipality, they added. The investment in Brandenburg was in the final financing phase when the agreement was signed, the two companies have revealed. They estimated that 600,000 tons of lithium carbonate equivalent can be obtained from the proposed mine.

The next step is to complete the prefeasibility study. Rock Tech Lithium holds 75% of the JV. Arcore claims that the location contains at least two million tons of lithium carbonate and that it can be exploited for 65 years.

In addition, President of the Republic of Srpska Milorad Dodik said in early March that the entity and Hungary are preparing an agreement on mining rare metals.

Bijeljina, Lopare and Majevica are all in the Republic of Srpska. The country’s other entity is called the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, where activists in the nearby city of Tuzla and municipalities like Čelić are warning of the potential environmental impact of lithium mining and other shady projects.

Environmentalists demand Majevica to be protected as nature park

Environmentalist groups earlier requested from the Republic of Srpska to impose a moratorium on geological exploration and mining on the mountain.

Environmentalist associations submitted a petition with over 6,000 signatures for a moratorium on geological exploration and mining in Majevica

“This gathering was envisaged to have a regional character as today the citizens of several cities and municipalities have come together. Entire northeastern BiH is in the scope, as Majevica is our joint mountain. We all share the same water, same air and we live on the same land. We organized a civic initiative and we collected more than six thousand signatures and demanded for Majevica to become a nature park,” said Snežana Jagodić Vujić from the Eko put association based in Bijeljina.

In her opinion, the rich part of the world is building for its clean energy while destroying the environment and people in the poorer part of the world.

Semberija plain and Sava basin area are under threat as well

Head of the Municipality of Lopare Rado Savić said opening a mine in Majevica would jeopardize Lopare as well as Semberija, Posavina – areas around the river Sava, all wildlife downstream from its tributary Gnjica, and the Janja, which flows into the Drina river. “Unless there are other development projects, we don’t need mining either,” he added.

Machines shall not pass through any village, Adi Selman from Tuzla-based activist group Karton revolucija told the crowd. “We promise tonight that, if it is necessary, we will be chasing them away with our pickaxes and hoes and that, even if we are left all alone in this world, we will never give up on the fight to save our Majevica, Semberija and Posavina”, he stressed.

There is no rich mining town in the world and no lithium mine near a populated place or in a nature park, Bijeljina Mayor Ljubiša Petrović claims. “We won’t allow a handful of strongmen to destroy, for other people’s interests and profits, what was created for generations – our water, land and life,” he stated.

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April 15, 2025
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Bulgaria suspends ill-designed solar energy support program

The Ministry of Energy of Bulgaria doesn’t intend to publish the second call for subsidies for households for solar panels with batteries and solar collectors. The program is partly covered by the European Union’s Recovery and Resilience Facility, so now the country risks losing the funds.

The Ministry of Energy of Bulgaria told Kapital that it does not plan to launch a second procedure to support households in purchasing and installing rooftop photovoltaic panels and solar water heaters. The measure was one of the few for citizens in the National Recovery and Resilience Plan (NRRP) rather than businesses or municipalities.

Through the first call, 1,500 households were selected for grants, worth some EUR 20.5 million in total. There is EUR 123 million for the entire scheme, called Support for Renewable Energy for Households. The solar power panel segment includes an option to install batteries as well.

Procedure too complicated

Initially there were fears that there would be more applications than the sum can cover, the article adds. But the procedure turned out to be so complicated that few people actually submitted documentation, the news outlet wrote. So now Bulgaria is about to lose the funds, after the European Commission already blocked the second NRRP tranche late last year.

The Ministry of Energy said it expects all the remaining contracts from the first round to be signed by the end of the month.

The program covers up to 70% of the costs for PV panels and 100% for solar collectors

According to Balin Balinov from Greenpeace, the government is once again demonstrating lack of commitment when it comes to energy poor households.

The program covers up to 70% of the costs for PV panels and 100% for solar collectors. But beneficiaries must buy them on their own and get reimbursed afterward. Notably, people who can afford such devices don’t want to deal with the bureaucracy, the report adds.

Installers struggling with backlogs amid tight deadlines

Moreover, Balinov said, there are hardly any firms available at the moment for installing solar panels, and the deadlines are short. Another issue is the lack of a net metering mechanism for rooftop and balcony photovoltaics. In such a setting, the electricity that beneficiaries generate would be subtracted from their bills.

The draft Law on Energy from Renewable Sources, currently in procedure in the National Assembly of Bulgaria includes the introduction of virtual net metering for prosumers and renewable energy communities. The deadline for approving an application for the installation of a solar power system of up to 20 kW would be just one month, the ministry pointed out.

Moreover, to get a grid connection, prosumers with up to 10.8 kW would only be required to notify the operator.

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April 15, 2025
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Romania’s Hidroelectrica picks contractors for 36 MW battery system at its only wind farm

Prime Batteries Technology and Enevo Group won Hidroelectrica’s tender for the installation of a battery energy storage system of 36 MW with a two-hour duration at the power utility’s Crucea Nord wind park.

A renewable energy hub is in the making in the small communes of Crucea and Pantelimon in the Dobruja (Dobrogea) province in Romania’s east. The area is home to state-owned hydropower producer Hidroelectrica’s only wind farm, Crucea Nord, but it includes several sites for projects of other companies, too.

The facility has been operating at a significant loss due to unfavorable balancing requirements. Hidroelectrica launched a small battery first, only to publish a tender four months ago for contractors for a system of 36 MW in operating power and 72 MWh in capacity.

Contract is worth EUR 16 million excluding VAT

The news is that the utility signed a EUR 16 million deal with Prime Batteries Technology and Enevo Group, the consortium with the best bid. The deadline is 12 months. Hidroelectrica initially estimated the investment at EUR 20.3 million plus excluding value-added tax.

Prime Batteries manufactures lithium ion batteries and provides energy storage solutions for the automotive, smart grids, and industrial sectors. The startup is headquartered in Cernica near Bucharest. The other company is Romanian as well.

Primary idea is to reduce imbalances

Crucea Nord, commissioned in 2014, has 108 MW in capacity. The battery energy storage system needs to be built at the substation.

“The primary objective of this investment is to reduce internal imbalances at the wind farm within Hidroelectrica’s portfolio, provide system balancing services for the national energy grid, improve the performance of the wind turbines, and decrease the wear on the electromechanical systems of the turbines,” Hidroelectrica said. It would be its first lithium ion battery.

The company operates 188 hydropower plants with a combined capacity of 6.4 GW.

Romania and neighboring Bulgaria are racing to boost battery capacity within deadlines for subsidies from the European Union. Both achieved robust growth rates in the solar power sector, so balancing needs are also surging.

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April 15, 2025
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Turkey’s renewables failing to cover power demand growth despite solar boom

Turkey switched in 2024 from a net electricity importer to net exporter, but renewables are still not growing fast enough to meet rising domestic power demand – one of the highest in the world, Ember found. The country has become Europe’s biggest coal power producer and there are plans for more such capacity.

Wind and solar generated 18% of electricity last year or 62 TWh, according to data from Ember’s Türkiye Electricity Review 2025. Together they were higher than domestic coal again, at 47 TWh, after surpassing it for the first time in 2023. But imports account for 61% of coal power production in the country.

Solar power growth spiked 39% in Turkey or by 7.3 TWh and the capacity reached 19.8 GW by the end of 2024. It compares to the global rise of 29% in output.

Photovoltaics had a 7.5% share, after 5.7% one year earlier. The wind power item advanced by only 0.1 percentage point, to 10.7%.

Government’s ambitions for renewables would result in 49% combined solar, wind power share in production

At 5.5%, Turkey had one of the highest increases in power demand last year in the world, mostly because of record meteorological heat pushing up cooling needs. The amount was 18 TWh and the total reached 342 TWh.

The rise in domestic electricity generation totaled 23 TWh and Turkey achieved a switch from a net power importer to net exporter. Nevertheless, wind and solar are still not growing fast enough to meet rising demand, translating to costly imported fossil fuel power generation, the report points out. The situation is similar on a worldwide scale.

The 7.3 TWh increase in solar accounted for 32% of the jump in electricity generation, compared to 40.2% on a global scale. The ambitious renewables targets for 2035 would result in a share of fossil fuels of 20%, and wind and solar at 49% in combination.

“Although demand growth has slowed in recent years, it is still outpacing the rate of new wind and solar additions. Demand increased by 42 TWh in the last five years, compared to 31 TWh of additional wind and solar. The rest of demand is met by imported coal and gas,” said Ufuk Alparslan, the report’s author and the energy think tank’s regional lead for Turkey and the Caucasus.

‍Romania beats Turkey in solar power production share

In the group of 20 countries with the highest electricity demand in Europe, Turkey surpassed Switzerland in solar electricity generation in 2024. On the other hand, it fell one position behind Romania, which is ranked 12th, as it doubled its solar power share to 7.8% in 2024.

The first in the list is Hungary, with 24.9%, followed by Greece (21.5%) and Spain (21.2%).

Adding solar to hydroelectric plants with dams mitigates drought impact

From 2020, solar power plants can be installed as an auxiliary source in power plants in Turkey, which creates hybrid power plants. Making more use of solar and wind power plants, which have a complementary generation profile to hydroelectricity, will play a key role in ensuring Türkiye’s energy security, the report reads.

Terrestrial and floating solar power plants as secondary sources to existing hydroelectric power plants reduce the risk of a shortfall from hydro in dry years, it added.

Although the amount of incoming water in 2024 was very close to the previous two years, hydroelectric power generation with dams increased by 29%. Total hydropower generation was 75 TWh or 17% more than in 2023 and it was the third-highest result so far.

Turkey is largest coal power producer in Europe

Despite a jump in electricity generation from coal by 3.4% to 122 TWh, its share in electricity mix declined from 36.9% to 35.6%. With coal-fired power generation continuing to decline across Europe, Turkey overtook Germany to become number one. Meanwhile, gas power fell by 4%. It brought the share of fossil fuels in production to 55% — the lowest level since 1993.

There are no coal-fired power plants under construction, but several projects remain. There is a plan to expand the largest facility in the fleet, Afşin Elbistan A (1.36 GW), by two units of an overall 688 MW.

Germany’s coal power output fell 17% to 104 TWh while in Poland, the third in the list, it declined 8% to 91 TWh. As for the share in domestic electricity production, Poland is first, with 53.6%, followed by Czechia (36.5%), Turkey (35.6%), Germany (21.8%), Bulgaria (21.6%), Romania (13%) and Greece, with just 5.7% last year.

As for the Western Balkans, Kosovo* is ranked the highest in the world, now at 92%. Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina are fifth and sixth, respectively, both at 63% on a rounded basis.

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* This designation is without prejudice to positions onstatus and is in line with UNSCR 1244/99 and the ICJ Opinion on the Kosovo declaration of independence.
April 14, 2025
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Europe must finance its clean future now

Author: Jorgo Chatzimarkakis, CEO of Hydrogen Europe, EUSEW’s partner organisation.

‘The best time to plant a tree was 20 years ago. The second-best time is now.’ In a world of short-term thinking and instant gratification, this old adage continues to hold true. In the context of the energy transition, and the race against time to offset the worst effects of climate change, it is even more relevant.

In fact, we in Europe can say that we did start investing properly in wind and solar power 20 years ago (although we would be in a much stronger position had we started 20 years before that, immediately after Professor James Hansen’s landmark testimony to the US Senate committee on energy in 1988).

But rather than look back in disappointment or despair at humanity’s delayed climate action, we can resolve not to make the same mistakes again. Hydrogen, one of the enablers of the energy transition, offers us a new solution with which to decarbonise.

Clean hydrogen is a versatile energy carrier with multiple applications across our society. You can use it to sustainably produce steel, fertilisers, and chemicals – hard-to-abate sectors which cannot be easily electrified – or fuels for road, maritime, or aviation mobility systems, where smaller size and longer ranges compared with batteries make fuel cell propulsion systems more desirable for long-haul journeys. You can also use it for long-term energy storage, grid balancing, and flexibility, which will grow in importance as we move to a fully renewable electricity grid. This is just a short summary of the vast potential held within this clean molecule.

Hydrogen is a helpful addition to electricity

Hydrogen is thus a complementary tool to electrification, reaching where electrons cannot. Already several projects around Europe are showing how. In Sweden, H2 Green Steel – Europe’s first greenfield steel mill in 50 years – replaced coal with green hydrogen to power the steelmaking process, cutting CO2 emissions by up to 95% compared to traditional steelmaking. In France, Lhyfe produces renewable hydrogen from wind energy and sells it to industrial end-users, as well as zero emission bus and freight fleets. In Italy, one of the world’s largest shipbuilders, Fincantieri, is designing hydrogen-based cruise and cargo ships.

These success stories can be built upon, and Europe could lead a global market based on the production, transport, and use of renewable hydrogen. But there is a risk that moving too slowly will see Europe lose out to global competitors, as seen in the solar and battery industries, where decades of European-led research and development could not prevent profits from going elsewhere once the technologies came to market.

Despite a substantial pipeline of projects up and down the hydrogen value chain, Final Investment Decisions (FID) have been comparatively rare – only 4% of global hydrogen projects reached FID last year, and most of those were in China. This is due in large part to the cost of producing renewable hydrogen in Europe still exceeding that of fossil fuel-based hydrogen. With a strong support system, we can make clean hydrogen a viable option for all those businesses looking to achieve emissions reduction.

We need to think more pragmatically. China has achieved massive success through state-led innovation and the development of clean technologies to the point that it is now a global market leader in most subsectors. And climate change means we do not have the time to simply wait for the economics to work out. These two facts show us that it is not only desirable but necessary, to spend in the short-term in order to reap the benefits in the long term. Sow the seeds. Plant the tree now.

More effort required to accelerate hydrogen market development in Europe

This is not to say that Europe has not already taken important steps to close the financing gap. The European Hydrogen Bank auctions, under the Innovation Fund call, are and will continue to be a successful endeavor to provide key support to hydrogen production projects. The Important Projects of Common European Interest (IPCEI) program has already awarded support to more than 120 projects involving nearly 100 European companies and should raise over €43 billion from a blend of public and private funds. This is positive, but more is needed both at the European and national level if we are to seriously get the hydrogen market moving here before it is too late to compete.

In the latest draft of the European Commission’s ‘Clean Industrial Deal’ regulatory package, the state aid framework introduces relevant capital expenditure (CAPEX) support, with aid intensities of up to 50% for hydrogen use in industry and 45% for renewable energy rollout, creating a strong foundation for hydrogen deployment. Europe wants to stake its claim as a clean technology leader, but to do so we must stop pulling the rug out from under our own feet.

Europe has repeatedly and publicly professed its support for hydrogen, and as a result, hundreds of companies have invested time and money into building up the sector. We have some existing, successful funding schemes in place and a mammoth pipeline of projects. But we must go further, for example by encouraging national governments to accelerate the transposition of EU legislation and to consider implementing their own funding mechanisms for hydrogen projects. By planting these trees now, we will be able to sit in the shade of a robust, competitive hydrogen market for years to come – with all the new jobs, decarbonization potential, added resilience, and global competitiveness that it will bring.

This opinion editorial is produced in co-operation with the European Sustainable Energy Week 2025. See ec.europa.eu/eusew for more details.

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